SAIL(6)

NAME
sail - multi-user wooden ships and iron men

SYNOPSIS
sail [-bx] [-s [-l]] [num]

DESCRIPTION
sail is a computer version of Avalon Hill's game of fighting sail originally developed by S. Craig Taylor.

Players of sail take command of an old-fashioned Man of War and fight other players or the computer. They may re-enact one of the many historical sea battles recorded in the game, or they can choose a fictional battle.

As a sea captain in the Sail Navy, the player has complete control over the workings of his ship. He must order every maneuver, change the set of his sails, and judge the right moment to let loose the terrible destruction of his broadsides. In addition to fighting the enemy, he must harness the powers of the wind and sea to make them work for him. The outcome of many battles during the age of sail was decided by the ability of one captain to hold the ‘weather gage’.

The flags are:
-b  No bells.
-l  Show the login name. Only effective with -s.
-s  Print the names and ships of the top ten sailors.
-x  Play the first available ship instead of prompting for a choice.

IMPLEMENTATION
sail is a multiplayer game. Each player runs sail to either connect to an existing game or start a new one. The game server (or “driver”) is an extra fork of the sail program created when a game is started. The driver coordinates the game and runs the computer ships.

If a player joins a game in progress, a synchronization process occurs (a rather slow process for everyone), and then the game continues.

Note that while each scenario can be running independently with different players, each scenario can also only be running once at any given time.

  COMMUNICATION
To implement a multi-user game in Version 7 UNIX, which was the operating system sail was first written under, the communicating processes must use a common temporary file as a place to read and write messages. For e.g. scenario 21, this file is /var/games/sail/#sailsink.21. Corresponding file names are used for the other scenarios.

In addition, a locking mechanism must be provided to ensure exclusive access to the shared file. sail uses a technique stolen from an old game called “pubcaves” by Jeff Cohen. Processes do a busy wait in the loop

    for (n = 0; link(sync_file, sync_lock)  0  n  30; n++)
            sleep(2);

until they are able to create a hard link named e.g. /var/games/sail/#saillock.21. where 21 is again the scenario number. Since creating a hard link is atomic, a process where this succeeds will have exclusive access to the temporary file.

  CONSEQUENCES OF SEPARATE PLAYER AND DRIVER PROCESSES
When players do something of global interest, such as moving or firing, the driver must coordinate the action with the other ships in the game. For example, if a player wants to move in a certain direction, he writes a message into the temporary file requesting the driver to move his ship. Each “turn”, the driver reads all the messages sent from the players and decides what happened. It then writes back into the temporary file new values of variables, etc.

The most noticeable effect this communication has on the game is the delay in moving. Suppose a player types a move for his ship and hits return. What happens then? The player process saves up messages to be written to the temporary file in a buffer. Every 7 seconds or so, the player process gets exclusive access to the temporary file and writes out its buffer to the file. The driver, running asynchronously, must read in the movement command, process it, and write out the results. This takes two exclusive accesses to the temporary file. Finally, when the player process gets around to doing another 7-second update, the results of the move are displayed on the screen. Hence, every movement requires four exclusive accesses to the temporary file (anywhere from 7 to 21 seconds depending upon asynchrony) before the player sees the results of his moves.

In practice, the delays are not as annoying as they would appear. There is room for “pipelining” in the movement. After the player writes out a first movement message, a second movement command can then be issued. The first message will be in the temporary file waiting for the driver, and the second will be in the file buffer waiting to be written to the file. Thus, by always typing moves a turn ahead of the time, the player can sail around quite quickly.

If the player types several movement commands between two 7-second updates, only the last movement command typed will be seen by the driver. Movement commands within the same update “overwrite” each other, in a sense.

  DEFECTS OF THIS SYSTEM IN THE MODERN WORLD
Quite a few.

It should be thrown out and replaced with something socket-based.

HISTORICAL INFO
Old square-riggers were very maneuverable ships capable of intricate sailing. Their only disadvantage was an inability to sail very close to the wind. The design of a wooden ship allowed for the guns to bear only to the left and right sides. A few guns of small aspect (usually 6 or 9 pounders) could point forward, but their effect was small compared to a 68 gun broadside of 24- or 32-pounders. The guns bear approximately like so:

           \
            b----------------
        ---0
            \
             \
              \     up to a range of ten (for round shot)
               \
                \
                 \

Firing a broadside into a ship lengthwise, from bow to stern or stern to bow, is called raking. This did a great deal more damage, because the shot tended to bounce along the deck. Because the bows of a ship are very strong and present a smaller target than the stern, a stern rake (firing from the stern to the bow) causes more damage than a bow rake.

                            b
                           00   ----  Stern rake!
                             a

Most ships were equipped with carronades, which were very large, close range cannons. American ships from the revolution until the War of 1812 were almost entirely armed with carronades.

The period of history covered in sail is approximately from the 1770's until the end of Napoleonic France in 1815. There are many excellent books about the age of sail. (See REFERENCES).

Fighting ships came in several sizes classed by armament. The mainstays of any fleet were its ships of the line, or line of battle ships. These were so named because in fleet actions they would sail in lines so as to present all broadsides to the enemy at once. The modern terms “ocean liner”, and “battleship” are derived from “ship of the line”.

The pride of the fleet were the “first-rates”. These were huge three decked ships of the line mounting 80 to 136 guns. The guns in the three tiers were usually 18, 24, and 32 pounders in that order from top to bottom.

Lesser ships were known as “second-rates”, “third-rates”, and even “fourth-rates”. The most common size was the 74 gun two-decked ship of the line. The two gun decks usually mounted 18 and 24 pounder guns.

Razees were ships of the line with one deck sawed off. These mounted 40-64 guns and were a poor cross between a frigate and a line of battle ship. They neither had the speed of the former nor the firepower of the latter.

The next class was the frigate. Often called the “eyes of the fleet”, frigates came in many sizes mounting anywhere from 32 to 44 guns. These were very handy vessels. They could outsail anything bigger and outshoot anything smaller. Frigates did not generally fight in lines of battle as the much bigger 74s did. Instead, they were sent on individual missions or in small groups to harass the enemy's rear or capture crippled ships. They were much more useful this way, in missions away from the fleet. They could hit hard and get away fast.

Lastly, there were the corvettes, sloops, and brigs. These were smaller ships mounting typically fewer than 20 guns. A corvette was only slightly smaller than a frigate, so one might have up to 30 guns. Sloops were used for carrying despatches or passengers. Brigs were small vessels typically built for land-locked lakes.

SAIL PARTICULARS
Ships in sail are represented on the screen by two characters. One character represents the bow of the ship, and the other represents the stern. Ships have nationalities and numbers. The first ship of a nationality is number 0, the second number 1, etc. Therefore, the first British ship in a game would be printed as “b0”. The second Brit would be “b1”, and the fifth Don would be “s4”.

Ships can set normal sails, called Battle Sails, or bend on extra canvas called Full Sails. A ship under full sail is a beautiful sight indeed, and it can move much faster than a ship under battle sails. The only trouble is, with full sails set, there is so much tension on sail and rigging that a well aimed round shot can burst a sail into ribbons where it would only cause a little hole in a loose sail. For this reason, rigging damage is doubled on a ship with full sails set. This does not mean that full sails should never be used; the author recommends keeping them up right into the heat of battle. When a ship has full sails set, the letter for its nationality is capitalized. E.g., a Frog, “f0”, with full sails set would be printed as “F0”.

When a ship is battered into a listing hulk, the last man aboard strikes the colors. This ceremony is the ship's formal surrender. The nationality character of a surrendered ship is printed as ‘ ! ’. E.g., the Frog of our last example would soon be “!0”.

A ship that reaches this point has a chance of catching fire or sinking. A sinking ship has a ‘~’ printed for its nationality, and a ship on fire and about to explode has a ‘#’ printed.

Ships that have struck can be captured; captured ships become the nationality of the prize crew. Therefore, if an American ship captures a British ship, the British ship will thenceforth have an ‘a’ printed for its nationality. In addition, the ship number is changed to one of the characters ‘ '()*+ ’ corresponding to its original number ‘ 012345 ’. E.g., the “b0” captured by an American becomes the “a”. The “s4” captured by a Frog becomes the “f*”.

The ultimate example is, of course, an exploding Brit captured by an American: “#”.

MOVEMENT
Movement is the most confusing part of sail to many. Ships can head in 8 directions:

                             0      0      0
    b       b       b0      b       b       b       0b      b
    0        0                                             0

The stern of a ship moves when it turns. The bow remains stationary. Ships can always turn, regardless of the wind (unless they are becalmed). All ships drift when they lose headway. If a ship doesn't move forward at all for two turns, it will begin to drift. If a ship has begun to drift, then it must move forward before it turns, if it plans to do more than make a right or left turn, which is always possible.

Movement commands to sail are a string of forward moves and turns. An example is “l3”. It will turn a ship left and then move it ahead 3 spaces. In the drawing above, the “b0” made 7 successive left turns. When sail prompts you for a move, it prints three characters of import. E.g.,
    move (7, 4):
The first number is the maximum number of moves you can make, including turns. The second number is the maximum number of turns you can make. Between the numbers is sometimes printed a quote ('). If the quote is present, it means that your ship has been drifting, and you must move ahead to regain headway before you turn (see note above). Some of the possible moves for the example above are as follows:

    move (7, 4): 7
    move (7, 4): 1
    move (7, 4): d          /* drift, or do nothing */
    move (7, 4): 6r
    move (7, 4): 5r1
    move (7, 4): 4r1r
    move (7, 4): l1r1r2
    move (7, 4): 1r1r1r1

Because square riggers performed so poorly sailing into the wind, if at any point in a movement command you turn into the wind, the movement stops there. E.g.,

    move (7, 4): l1l4
    Movement Error;
    Helm: l1l

Moreover, upon making a turn, the movement allowance drops to the lesser of what remains this turn and what would be available when going in the new direction. Thus, any turn closer to the wind will generally preclude sailing the full distance printed in the “move” prompt.

Old sailing captains had to keep an eye constantly on the wind. Captains in sail are no different. A ship's ability to move depends on its attitude to the wind. The best angle possible is to have the wind off your quarter, that is, just off the stern. The direction rose on the side of the screen gives the possible movements for your ship at all positions to the wind. Battle sail speeds are given first, and full sail speeds are given in parenthesis.

    				 0 1(2)
    				\|/
    				-^-3(6)
    				/|\
    				 | 4(7)
    				3(6)

Pretend the bow of your ship (the “^”) is pointing upward and the wind is blowing from the bottom to the top of the page. The numbers at the bottom “3(6)” will be your speed under battle or full sails in such a situation. If the wind is off your quarter, then you can move “4(7)”. If the wind is off your beam, “3(6)”. If the wind is off your bow, then you can only move “1(2)”. Facing into the wind, you cannot move at all. Ships facing into the wind are said to be in irons.

WINDSPEED AND DIRECTION
The windspeed and direction is displayed as a weather vane on the side of the screen. The number in the middle of the vane indicates the wind speed, and the + to - indicates the wind direction. The wind blows from the + sign (high pressure) to the - sign (low pressure). E.g.,

                                    |
                                    3
                                    +

The wind speeds are:
0   becalmed
1   light breeze
2   moderate breeze
3   fresh breeze
4   strong breeze
5   gale
6   full gale
7   hurricane
If a hurricane shows up, all ships are destroyed.

GRAPPLING AND FOULING
If two ships collide, they run the risk of becoming tangled together. This is called fouling. Fouled ships are stuck together, and neither can move. They can unfoul each other if they want to. Boarding parties can only be sent across to ships when the antagonists are either fouled or grappled.

Ships can grapple each other by throwing grapnels into the rigging of the other.

The number of fouls and grapples you have are displayed on the upper right of the screen.

BOARDING
Boarding was a very costly venture in terms of human life. Boarding parties may be formed in sail to either board an enemy ship or to defend your own ship against attack. Men organized as Defensive Boarding Parties fight twice as hard to save their ship as men left unorganized.

The boarding strength of a crew depends upon its quality and upon the number of men sent.

CREW QUALITY
The British seaman was world renowned for his sailing abilities. American sailors, however, were actually the best seamen in the world. Because the American Navy offered twice the wages of the Royal Navy, British seamen who liked the sea defected to America by the thousands.

In sail, crew quality is quantized into 5 energy levels. Elite crews can outshoot and outfight all other sailors. Crack crews are next. Mundane crews are average, and Green and Mutinous crews are below average. A good rule of thumb is that Crack or Elite crews get one extra hit per broadside compared to Mundane crews. Don't expect too much from Green crews.

BROADSIDES
Your two broadsides may be loaded with four kinds of shot: grape, chain, round, and double. You have guns and carronades in both the port and starboard batteries. Carronades only have a range of two, so you have to get in close to be able to fire them. You have the choice of firing at the hull or rigging of another ship. If the range of the ship is greater than 6, then you may only shoot at the rigging.

The types of shot and their advantages are:

ROUND
    Range of 10. Good for hull or rigging hits.

DOUBLE
    Range of 1. Extra good for hull or rigging hits. Double takes two turns to load.

CHAIN
    Range of 3. Excellent for tearing down rigging. Cannot damage hull or guns, though.

GRAPE
    Range of 1. Sometimes devastating against enemy crews.

On the side of the screen is displayed some vital information about your ship:

    Load  D! R!
    Hull  9
    Crew  4  4  2
    Guns  4  4
    Carr  2  2
    Rigg  5 5 5 5

“Load” shows what your port (left) and starboard (right) broadsides are loaded with. A ‘ ! ’ after the type of shot indicates that it is an initial broadside. Initial broadside were loaded with care before battle and before the decks ran red with blood. As a consequence, initial broadsides are a little more effective than broadsides loaded later. A ‘*’ after the type of shot indicates that the gun crews are still loading it, and you cannot fire yet. “Hull” shows how much hull you have left. “Crew” shows your three sections of crew. As your crew dies off, your ability to fire decreases. “Guns” and “Carr” show your port and starboard guns. As you lose guns, your ability to fire decreases. “Rigg” shows how much rigging you have on your 3 or 4 masts. As rigging is shot away, you lose mobility.

EFFECTIVENESS OF FIRE
It is very dramatic when a ship fires its thunderous broadsides, but the mere opportunity to fire them does not guarantee any hits. Many factors influence the destructive force of a broadside. First of all, and the chief factor, is distance. It is harder to hit a ship at range ten than it is to hit one sloshing alongside. Next is raking. Raking fire, as mentioned before, can sometimes dismast a ship at range ten. Next, crew size and quality affects the damage done by a broadside. The number of guns firing also bears on the point, so to speak. Lastly, weather affects the accuracy of a broadside. If the seas are high (5 or 6), then the lower gunports of ships of the line can't even be opened to run out the guns. This gives frigates and other flush decked vessels an advantage in a storm. The scenario Pellew vs. The Droits de L'Homme takes advantage of this peculiar circumstance.

REPAIRS
Repairs may be made to your Hull, Guns, and Rigging at the slow rate of two points per three turns. The message "Repairs Completed" will be printed if no more repairs can be made.

PECULIARITIES OF COMPUTER SHIPS
Computer ships in sail follow all the rules above with a few exceptions. Computer ships never repair damage. If they did, the players could never beat them. They play well enough as it is. As a consolation, the computer ships can fire double shot every turn. That fluke is a good reason to keep your distance. The driver figures out the moves of the computer ships. It computes them with a typical A.I. distance function and a depth first search to find the maximum “score”. It seems to work fairly well, although I'll be the first to admit it isn't perfect.

HOW TO PLAY
Commands are given to sail by typing a single character. You will then be prompted for further input. A brief summary of the commands follows.

  COMMAND SUMMARY
‘f’ Fire broadsides if they bear
‘l’ Reload
‘L’ Unload broadsides (to change ammo)
‘m’ Move
‘i’ Print the closest ship
‘I’ Print all ships
‘F’ Find a particular ship or ships (e.g. "a?" for all Americans)
‘s’ Send a message around the fleet
‘b’ Attempt to board an enemy ship
‘B’ Recall boarding parties
‘c’ Change set of sail
‘r’ Repair
‘u’ Attempt to unfoul
‘g’ Grapple/ungrapple
‘v’ Print version number of game
‘^L’
    Redraw screen
‘Q’ Quit

‘C’ Center your ship in the window
‘U’ Move window up
‘D, N’
    Move window down
‘H’ Move window left
‘J’ Move window right
‘S’ Toggle window to follow your ship or stay where it is

SCENARIOS
Here is a summary of the scenarios in sail:

  Ranger vs. Drake :
Wind from the N, blowing a fresh breeze.

    (a) Ranger            19 gun Sloop (crack crew) (7 pts)
    (b) Drake             17 gun Sloop (crack crew) (6 pts)

  The Battle of Flamborough Head :
Wind from the S, blowing a fresh breeze.

This is John Paul Jones' first famous battle. Aboard the Bonhomme Richard, he was able to overcome the Serapis's greater firepower by quickly boarding her.

    (a) Bonhomme Rich     42 gun Corvette (crack crew) (11 pts)
    (b) Serapis           44 gun Frigate (crack crew) (12 pts)

  Arbuthnot and Des Touches :
Wind from the N, blowing a gale.

    (b) America           64 gun Ship of the Line (crack crew) (20 pts)
    (b) Befford           74 gun Ship of the Line (crack crew) (26 pts)
    (b) Adamant           50 gun Ship of the Line (crack crew) (17 pts)
    (b) London            98 gun 3 Decker SOL (crack crew) (28 pts)
    (b) Royal Oak         74 gun Ship of the Line (crack crew) (26 pts)
    (f) Neptune           74 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (24 pts)
    (f) Duc de Bourgogne  80 gun 3 Decker SOL (average crew) (27 pts)
    (f) Conquerant        74 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (24 pts)
    (f) Provence          64 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (18 pts)
    (f) Romulus           44 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (10 pts)

  Suffren and Hughes :
Wind from the S, blowing a fresh breeze.

    (b) Monmouth          74 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (24 pts)
    (b) Hero              74 gun Ship of the Line (crack crew) (26 pts)
    (b) Isis              50 gun Ship of the Line (crack crew) (17 pts)
    (b) Superb            74 gun Ship of the Line (crack crew) (27 pts)
    (b) Burford           74 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (24 pts)
    (f) Flamband          50 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (14 pts)
    (f) Annibal           74 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (24 pts)
    (f) Severe            64 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (18 pts)
    (f) Brilliant         80 gun Ship of the Line (crack crew) (31 pts)
    (f) Sphinx            80 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (27 pts)

  Nymphe vs. Cleopatre :
Wind from the S, blowing a fresh breeze.

    (b) Nymphe            36 gun Frigate (crack crew) (11 pts)
    (f) Cleopatre         36 gun Frigate (average crew) (10 pts)

  Mars vs. Hercule :
Wind from the S, blowing a fresh breeze.

    (b) Mars              74 gun Ship of the Line (crack crew) (26 pts)
    (f) Hercule           74 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (23 pts)

  Ambuscade vs. Baionnaise :
Wind from the N, blowing a fresh breeze.

    (b) Ambuscade         32 gun Frigate (average crew) (9 pts)
    (f) Baionnaise        24 gun Corvette (average crew) (9 pts)

  Constellation vs. Insurgent :
Wind from the S, blowing a gale.

    (a) Constellation     38 gun Corvette (elite crew) (17 pts)
    (f) Insurgent         36 gun Corvette (average crew) (11 pts)

  Constellation vs. Vengeance :
Wind from the S, blowing a fresh breeze.

    (a) Constellation     38 gun Corvette (elite crew) (17 pts)
    (f) Vengeance         40 gun Frigate (average crew) (15 pts)

  The Battle of Lissa :
Wind from the S, blowing a fresh breeze.

    (b) Amphion           32 gun Frigate (elite crew) (13 pts)
    (b) Active            38 gun Frigate (elite crew) (18 pts)
    (b) Volage            22 gun Frigate (elite crew) (11 pts)
    (b) Cerberus          32 gun Frigate (elite crew) (13 pts)
    (f) Favorite          40 gun Frigate (average crew) (15 pts)
    (f) Flore             40 gun Frigate (average crew) (15 pts)
    (f) Danae             40 gun Frigate (crack crew) (17 pts)
    (f) Bellona           32 gun Frigate (green crew) (9 pts)
    (f) Corona            40 gun Frigate (green crew) (12 pts)
    (f) Carolina          32 gun Frigate (green crew) (7 pts)

  Constitution vs. Guerriere :
Wind from the SW, blowing a gale.

    (a) Constitution      44 gun Corvette (elite crew) (24 pts)
    (b) Guerriere         38 gun Frigate (crack crew) (15 pts)

  United States vs. Macedonian :
Wind from the S, blowing a fresh breeze.

    (a) United States     44 gun Frigate (elite crew) (24 pts)
    (b) Macedonian        38 gun Frigate (crack crew) (16 pts)

  Constitution vs. Java :
Wind from the S, blowing a fresh breeze.

    (a) Constitution      44 gun Corvette (elite crew) (24 pts)
    (b) Java              38 gun Corvette (crack crew) (19 pts)

  Chesapeake vs. Shannon :
Wind from the S, blowing a fresh breeze.

    (a) Chesapeake        38 gun Frigate (average crew) (14 pts)
    (b) Shannon           38 gun Frigate (elite crew) (17 pts)

  The Battle of Lake Erie :
Wind from the S, blowing a light breeze.

    (a) Lawrence          20 gun Sloop (crack crew) (9 pts)
    (a) Niagara           20 gun Sloop (elite crew) (12 pts)
    (b) Lady Prevost      13 gun Brig (crack crew) (5 pts)
    (b) Detroit           19 gun Sloop (crack crew) (7 pts)
    (b) Q. Charlotte      17 gun Sloop (crack crew) (6 pts)

  Wasp vs. Reindeer :
Wind from the S, blowing a light breeze.

    (a) Wasp              20 gun Sloop (elite crew) (12 pts)
    (b) Reindeer          18 gun Sloop (elite crew) (9 pts)

  Constitution vs. Cyane and Levant :
Wind from the S, blowing a moderate breeze.

    (a) Constitution      44 gun Corvette (elite crew) (24 pts)
    (b) Cyane             24 gun Sloop (crack crew) (11 pts)
    (b) Levant            20 gun Sloop (crack crew) (10 pts)

  Pellew vs. Droits de L'Homme :
Wind from the N, blowing a gale.

    (b) Indefatigable     44 gun Frigate (elite crew) (14 pts)
    (b) Amazon            36 gun Frigate (crack crew) (14 pts)
    (f) Droits L'Hom      74 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (24 pts)

  Algeciras :
Wind from the SW, blowing a moderate breeze.

    (b) Caesar            80 gun Ship of the Line (crack crew) (31 pts)
    (b) Pompee            74 gun Ship of the Line (crack crew) (27 pts)
    (b) Spencer           74 gun Ship of the Line (crack crew) (26 pts)
    (b) Hannibal          98 gun 3 Decker SOL (crack crew) (28 pts)
    (s) Real-Carlos       112 gun 3 Decker SOL (green crew) (27 pts)
    (s) San Fernando      96 gun 3 Decker SOL (green crew) (24 pts)
    (s) Argonauta         80 gun Ship of the Line (green crew) (23 pts)
    (s) San Augustine     74 gun Ship of the Line (green crew) (20 pts)
    (f) Indomptable       80 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (27 pts)
    (f) Desaix            74 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (24 pts)

  Lake Champlain :
Wind from the N, blowing a fresh breeze.

    (a) Saratoga          26 gun Sloop (crack crew) (12 pts)
    (a) Eagle             20 gun Sloop (crack crew) (11 pts)
    (a) Ticonderoga       17 gun Sloop (crack crew) (9 pts)
    (a) Preble            7 gun Brig (crack crew) (4 pts)
    (b) Confiance         37 gun Frigate (crack crew) (14 pts)
    (b) Linnet            16 gun Sloop (elite crew) (10 pts)
    (b) Chubb             11 gun Brig (crack crew) (5 pts)

  Last Voyage of the USS President :
Wind from the N, blowing a fresh breeze.

    (a) President         44 gun Frigate (elite crew) (24 pts)
    (b) Endymion          40 gun Frigate (crack crew) (17 pts)
    (b) Pomone            44 gun Frigate (crack crew) (20 pts)
    (b) Tenedos           38 gun Frigate (crack crew) (15 pts)

  Hornblower and the Natividad :
Wind from the E, blowing a gale.

A scenario for you Horny fans. Remember, he sank the Natividad against heavy odds and winds. Hint: don't try to board the Natividad; her crew is much bigger, albeit green.

    (b) Lydia             36 gun Frigate (elite crew) (13 pts)
    (s) Natividad         50 gun Ship of the Line (green crew) (14 pts)

  Curse of the Flying Dutchman :
Wind from the S, blowing a fresh breeze.

Just for fun, take the Piece of cake.

    (s) Piece of Cake     24 gun Corvette (average crew) (9 pts)
    (f) Flying Dutchy     120 gun 3 Decker SOL (elite crew) (43 pts)

  The South Pacific :
Wind from the S, blowing a strong breeze.

    (a) USS Scurvy        136 gun 3 Decker SOL (mutinous crew) (27 pts)
    (b) HMS Tahiti        120 gun 3 Decker SOL (elite crew) (43 pts)
    (s) Australian        32 gun Frigate (average crew) (9 pts)
    (f) Bikini Atoll      7 gun Brig (crack crew) (4 pts)

  Hornblower and the battle of Rosas bay :
Wind from the E, blowing a fresh breeze.

The only battle Hornblower ever lost. He was able to dismast one ship and stern rake the others though. See if you can do as well.

    (b) Sutherland        74 gun Ship of the Line (crack crew) (26 pts)
    (f) Turenne           80 gun 3 Decker SOL (average crew) (27 pts)
    (f) Nightmare         74 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (24 pts)
    (f) Paris             112 gun 3 Decker SOL (green crew) (27 pts)
    (f) Napoleon          74 gun Ship of the Line (green crew) (20 pts)

  Cape Horn :
Wind from the NE, blowing a strong breeze.

    (a) Concord           80 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (27 pts)
    (a) Berkeley          98 gun 3 Decker SOL (crack crew) (28 pts)
    (b) Thames            120 gun 3 Decker SOL (elite crew) (43 pts)
    (s) Madrid            112 gun 3 Decker SOL (green crew) (27 pts)
    (f) Musket            80 gun 3 Decker SOL (average crew) (27 pts)

  New Orleans :
Wind from the SE, blowing a fresh breeze.

Watch that little Cypress go!

    (a) Alligator         120 gun 3 Decker SOL (elite crew) (43 pts)
    (b) Firefly           74 gun Ship of the Line (crack crew) (27 pts)
    (b) Cypress           44 gun Frigate (elite crew) (14 pts)

  Botany Bay :
Wind from the N, blowing a fresh breeze.

    (b) Shark             64 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (18 pts)
    (f) Coral Snake       44 gun Corvette (elite crew) (24 pts)
    (f) Sea Lion          44 gun Frigate (elite crew) (24 pts)

  Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea :
Wind from the NW, blowing a fresh breeze.

This one is dedicated to Richard Basehart and David Hedison.

    (a) Seaview           120 gun 3 Decker SOL (elite crew) (43 pts)
    (a) Flying Sub        40 gun Frigate (crack crew) (17 pts)
    (b) Mermaid           136 gun 3 Decker SOL (mutinous crew) (27 pts)
    (s) Giant Squid       112 gun 3 Decker SOL (green crew) (27 pts)

  Frigate Action :
Wind from the E, blowing a fresh breeze.

    (a) Killdeer          40 gun Frigate (average crew) (15 pts)
    (b) Sandpiper         40 gun Frigate (average crew) (15 pts)
    (s) Curlew            38 gun Frigate (crack crew) (16 pts)

  The Battle of Midway :
Wind from the E, blowing a moderate breeze.

    (a) Enterprise        80 gun Ship of the Line (crack crew) (31 pts)
    (a) Yorktown          80 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (27 pts)
    (a) Hornet            74 gun Ship of the Line (average crew) (24 pts)
    (j) Akagi             112 gun 3 Decker SOL (green crew) (27 pts)
    (j) Kaga              96 gun 3 Decker SOL (green crew) (24 pts)
    (j) Soryu             80 gun Ship of the Line (green crew) (23 pts)

  Star Trek :
Wind from the S, blowing a fresh breeze.

    (a) Enterprise        450 gun Ship of the Line (elite crew) (75 pts)
    (a) Yorktown          450 gun Ship of the Line (elite crew) (75 pts)
    (a) Reliant           450 gun Ship of the Line (elite crew) (75 pts)
    (a) Galileo           450 gun Ship of the Line (elite crew) (75 pts)
    (k) Kobayashi Maru    450 gun Ship of the Line (elite crew) (75 pts)
    (k) Klingon II        450 gun Ship of the Line (elite crew) (75 pts)
    (o) Red Orion         450 gun Ship of the Line (elite crew) (75 pts)
    (o) Blue Orion        450 gun Ship of the Line (elite crew) (75 pts)

HISTORY
Dave Riggle wrote the first version of sail on a PDP-11/70 in the fall of 1980. Needless to say, the code was horrendous, not portable in any sense of the word, and didn't work. The program was not very modular and had fseek(3) and fwrite(3) calls every few lines. After a tremendous rewrite from the top down, the first working version was up and running by 1981. There were several annoying bugs concerning firing broadsides and finding angles.

Ed Wang rewrote the angle() routine in 1981 to be more correct. He also added code to let a player select which ship he wanted at the start of the game, instead of always taking the first one available.

Captain Happy (Craig Leres) is responsible for making sail portable for the first time. This was no easy task. Constants like 2 and 10 were very frequent in the code. The sail code was also notorious for the use of “Riggle Memorial Structures”. Many structure references were so long that they ran off the line printer page. Here is an example, if you promise not to laugh:

    specs[scene[flog.fgamenum].ship[flog.fshipnum].shipnum].pts

sail received its fourth and most thorough rewrite in the summer and fall of 1983. Ed Wang rewrote and modularized the code (a monumental feat) almost from scratch. Although he introduced many new bugs, the final result was very much cleaner and (?) faster. He added window movement commands and find ship commands.

At some currently unknown time, sail was imported into BSD.

AUTHORS
sail has been a group effort.

  AUTHOR
Dave Riggle

  CO-AUTHOR
Ed Wang

  REFITTING
Craig Leres

  CONSULTANTS
Chris Guthrie
Captain Happy
Horatio Nelson
and many valiant others...

REFERENCES
Wooden Ships Iron Men, Avalon Hill.

Master and Commander, and 20 more volumes, Patrick O'Brian.

Captain Horatio Hornblower Novels, (13 of them), C.S. Forester.

Captain Richard Bolitho Novels, (12 of them), Alexander Kent.

The Complete Works of Captain Frederick Marryat, (about 20).

Of these, consider especially